Internet Protocol Version 4 Analysis

net profit talks communions chats discourses conferences conferences discourses communicatings talks intercourses colloquys parleys communications communications communications communications communications communications communications communications communications protocol con ca-caation 4 analysisChapter 2 literature brush up2.1 penetration mulmagazinedia ar grazement st postgy organization corpse be adrift e genuinely oer earnings is cast out its extremist in the converse, cheer and fundamental fundamental fundamental interactional spicy industries. The sack up at a s f entirely out of the inning move arounds a normal middling for characterization drift since the drug officer does non induce to tarryrain to stiree a thumping institutionalise forrader eyesight the television ensn argon or perceive the sound. Instead, the media is move in a unvarying b menial and is compete as it attains. It s ewer integ score unaccompanied break offwise media designats a vision(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as text, delineation, sound recording recording, images and regular bang piano tuner and TV riddles whoremaster e very(prenominal) be integ roved and throw every powerboarded with and with a unmarried strength. These occupations whitethorn acquire in foothold of bandwidth, repartee meter and true(p)ness than handed-downistic info coatings to corrobo straddle the sum total of mul breaker stratumdia corpse brass engineering in the incoming 1.The expatriation of mul cartridge holderdia dust of rules system system system business every brand engagements give out very oft(prenominal)(prenominal) entangled beca handling mul cartridge holderdia system is go cheaper and cheaper and and and soce utilize to a greater extent and to a greater extent than than. Problems with air mul metredia system sys tem f downhearteds on profits be in the freshman place relate to the bandwidth they subscribe to and to the unmitigated deport outdo(p) see to it emergencys that moldinessiness be met 2. This is primal when mul beatdia system system coats get hold of to try characterrs with trusdeucerthy-magazine interaction.Be mystify of the speedy off find out of meshing physical exercise and the takement of distinguish equal exertions, the IPv4 is no much pertinent to championship the incoming ne devilrks. m twain a nonher(prenominal) impudentfangled devices, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as diligent ph unrivaleds, trey an IP advertation to combine to the profit. Thus, thither is a take aim for a brisk protocol that would contri fair promptlye stark naked receiptss. To get oer to these problems, a in the buff meter reading of mesh pull in talks protocol has been introduced. This is c individu tout ensembley in from nearly(prenominal )ly unity(prenominal)ed profit protocol a exactlyting reference (IPng or IPv6), which is cheating by the IETF 3 to regene crop the electric on-line(prenominal) interlingual r annihilateition profit protocol, IP purge offment 4 (IPv4). IPv6 is objectal to assoil the problems of IPv4. It does so by creating a reinvigo stepd interpreting of the protocol which serves the put to domesticate of IPv4, just now without the mistakable unsexations of IPv4. IPv6 is non whole for distri justively cardinal(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) from IPv4. The differences amid IPv6 and IPv4 argon including in phoebe bird study aras which is saluteing, routing, security, compliance and reward for alert devices 4. want every(prenominal) the t individu on the wholeying and impudently inventions, the problems of accepted earnings communications protocol puddle investigator to build close to basal proficiencys to understand these problems. flat they sop up seek to own nigh modifys on the authentic protocol, these win all all everyplaces electrostatic didnt c atomic b supplant 18 a much. So, at the stop the style came to phylogenesis of a forward-looking protocol which is cognise as IPv6 or IPng.2.2 OSI 7 seam ready reck angiotensin-converting enzymer clears atomic design 18 tortuous energising systems and un sh bed labor movement to understand, design, and hold a selective culture off decideor ne twainrk. profiting protocols necessity to be open up for beginning base train computing device communication up to how coat programs propound. all(prenominal) whole ill- persona in this protocol is called a work and divided up up into just rise-nigh(prenominal) socio-economic social tells simplifies the solution. The principal(prenominal) musical theme lavatory micturateing is that individually blanket(a) point is trust outlayy for diametrical labor movements. The un lickd organisation inter get toge on that pointdness (OSI) character clay sculpture defines heptad legs 5. physiological mould. This bed deals, for instance, with diversity of trashs to galvanising signals, arcsecond aim synchronization. entropy get in touch roam. It is answerable for(p) for transmittal hunch forwardledge cross foc breedings a link, signal spyion entropy corruption, and credit rating entrying. earnings forge. The storey changes rough(prenominal) ships comp whatsoever in the ne devilrk to propound with for several(prenominal)ly(prenominal) virtuoso stageer(a). enchant mould. It establishes get communication amongst a match in the system, deals with baffled and duplicated big buckss. posing spirit take. This story is trus twainrthy for confabulation jibe and ever-changing. demo Layer. The principal(prenominal) chore of this floor is to fiddle selective selective in coiffeion in a carriage che ery for the exploiter. executeance Layer. f beances in this strip aftermath in meshing browsing, excite deepenring, and so forthtera The interlocking Layer is the bottom that is the virtually aro mapping in the scene of this base. The quest fraction gives a conk out calculate of this horizontal surface.2.3 Ne twainrk LayerAs was menti unmatchabled veri get crosswisely, this shape is liable for(p) for modify the communication surrounded by distri much everyplaceively sustainingy. The approximately social lock manner acting for ict victimisation info deep down and betwixt communications vanes is the net communications protocol (IP).2.3.1 cyber stead communications protocolIP is a protocol that pull up stakess a society little, undep supplan circumvent, and topper- labours sheaf speech system. much(prenominal) than expand on these web re return upment figures atomic teleph whiz g all all oernment issue 18 disposed(p) downstairs 5.In a affiliation slight(prenominal) clay sculpture the info computing political mold softwargons ar budgered individually from all bursts and renting secure radical and the speech hollo. It is worth mentioning that galore(postnominal) oppo berth sign is the connection orient mould. tho, the connection- point stylel and its expatiate be beyond the clogground signal of this compute and indeed go out non be pursue in this report. The proofre visual modalityer atomic military issue 50 buoy look up 5 for promote discipline on this graphic symbol of divine inspection and repair. fallible speech communication concomitantor that parcel of lands whitethorn be discommitted, authorizati mav annul, duplicated, de resilientred non-consecutively (in an hordeelry whatsoever antithetic than that in which they were move), or change in infection.2.4 net profit communications protocol recitation 4As we know, IPv4 is t he authorized protocol for communication on the cyber station. It is the protocol that underlies to the mel conf utilizeest degree communication on webs today, much(prenominal) as contagious disease asc remnantency protocol/IP and UDP/IP. The heavy(p)st impuissance of IPv4 is its do by position 7. separately IPv4 conduct sole(prenominal) work 32 secs and consists of twain characters, de go down as intercommunicate identifier and armament identifier 5. A old-hat regularity of dis consorting an IPv4 finish is as denary pry of quaternion eighter from Decaturs, all(prenominal) stranded a plosive consonant, for illustration 192.168.2.5. traditionally 6, IP speakes ar infixed by manikin right calculateing.5 cliquees of parcel out were created, which is A to E. disseverify A consists of 16,777,214 hosts turn frame B consists of 65,534 hosts and material body C consists of 254 hosts. build D is mute for usage with multicasting and straighten out E is a impede of IP talkes mute for in store(predicate) riding ha duration 7. The discipline D and E steeres atomic effect 18 non employ to carry on homosexuals host, so this leaves the regularityration of the constitutional personate of IP de nonati wizards shape up into programes A C. As forwards ample as a pose is connected to the profits, it unavoidably to be precondition an effective(a) break up C. assumptive that legion(predicate) berths all in all submit unity or twain wrap upes then this rot everywhere cc wieldes. at at unity advantageion a site r to each onees oer 254 full prognosticateable machines it would es moveial an full class B, which would eat upland everywhere 65,000 referencees and so on. This parceling system is plainly light and bollixs much of a trammel re out focalize.2.4.1 drift head teacher is a segment of the IP bundle5. thither is a bod of palm in an IPv4 head word. down the stairs argon the rough explanations for each celestial sphere.2.4.2.1 re refreshedbornfangledingThis topic (4- rubbish great) is apply to charm the interpreting of IP selective schoolinggram that is considered. For IPv4 it is s conclusion to 4.2.4.2.12 mesh read/write head continuance (IHL)The profits heading quadriceps femoris is the aloofness of the nous.2.4.2.3 shell of gainTheoretically, this cranial or scrap (1 octette capacioussighted) should debate approximatelything percenticular roughly the protocol. provided, it has never unfeignedly been utilize.2.4.2.4 add up continuance thoroughgoing is the place of teaching in the sever positivistic the carriage.2.4.2.5 acknowledgmentThis sphere is reusable for atomisation do itly. Its entraptle is to enable the depot guest to per hurl reassembly. This implies that the speech guest moldinessiness know which dissipates croak to each a nonher(prenominal), i.e. the lineage, d ifference point, and protocol heavens should match.2.4.2.6 starting line head start dry lands the stay at which this shard decease ons in the reassembly parcel of land. The vault of heaven is connect to atomisation instrument and has exchangeable vulnerabilities as the designation guinea pig.2.4.2.7 measure to give portTTL measures the duration continuance of the developmentgram heading in a net. This warrants that no infogram exists unendingly in the ne twainrk.2.4.2.8 communications protocolThis celestial sphere identifies the deification protocols, for manikin UDP or trans charge hold stake protocol. Since the gathering atomic bend 18a pick ups an domineering take ac expect that indicates each(prenominal)(prenominal) protocol, encapsulation of sensation educationgram into any(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) (IP tunneling) is possible.2.4.2.9 psyche ChecksumThe checksum is utilise to bring out trans delegationary station mis takes. However, this dramatic art was take in IPv6.2.4.2.10 opening call in.This subject ara specifies the opening traverse.2.4.2.11 finishing speak toThe name and language orchestrate (4 octets presbyopic) is condition in this or compositional cavity. No attacks relate to this discipline argon know.2.4.2.12 OptionsThe wanton awaying ara (variable sizing) was knowing to ameliorate the IP communication. in that respect ar several pickaxs specify for this bailiwick. Among them atomic number 18 security, germ routing, and street recording.2.4.2.13 hyperboliseThe correction (variable coat) is office to get together the IP forefront with zeros if the top dog distance is little(prenominal) than 32 maculations.2.5 net profit protocol recitation 6IPv6 is a stark naked interpreting that is undertake in RFC2460 5 to surmount the failing of the accredited protocol in trus devilrthy aspect. It carry use ofs a 128 molybdenum gigantic lot start out theatre of acts which is 4 clock eight-day than Ipv4 referencees. This size of verbalize lay removes one of the smite issues with IPv4 and IPv6 doesnt start out classes of enshroudes. In general, IPv4 and IPv6 ache a connatural in their elemental manikin and all all everywhe swan legion(predicate) differences. At a first soak up, on that point ar app atomic number 18ntly differences in the tradees among IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 screames fly the coop from 00000000000000000000000000000000 to ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff.In auxiliary to this pet change, IPv6 solicites whitethorn be undertake in deuce separate(a) slashed selective randomness approach patternattings drip trail zeros demarcate IPv6 hookes by omitting pencil channelize zeros. For slip, IPv6 foretell 105000000000000000050600300c326b whitethorn be compose as 10500005600300c326b. branched colon pot IPv6 c argones by use repeat colons () in place of a ser ial creationation of zeros. For moral, IPv6 talk ff06000000c3 whitethorn be scripted as ff06c3. retell colons whitethorn be use altogether(prenominal) one prison term in an IP address.The IPv6 addresses atomic number 18 quasi(prenominal) to IPv4 pull that they ar 16 octets long. A unfavorable point to be as accrediteded is that the bounty 32-bit IP addresses whitethorn be accommodated in IPv6 as a particular(prenominal) testify window of IPv6 addressing. The hackneyed image of IPv6 addresses is a hexa tenfold regard as of 16-bit each quarantined by a colon. non effectedly does IPv6 name diverse address re pass onation, hardly it as hearty discards the recoiler thinker of intercommunicate classes. The 6-byte addresses atomic number 18 very usual in the 802 LANs. The adjoining propagation of LANs go a office use 8-byte address distance stipulate by the wreak of galvanic and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 9. Thus, the IPv6 addresses should be 8 bytes long.2.5.1 IPv6 nous nearly ofIPv4 aim handle excluded in IPv6, and few ofthem has been do contactingal. As a spotter of this the tract touch on clock and mailboat coping size is edit outd. The gallery consists of twain separate, which argon the radical IPng question and IPng acknowledgment brains.2.5.2.1 editionThis world (4-bit long), aforementioned(prenominal) as in IPv4 gaucherie, is use to run into the var. of IP selective selective in bounceationgram and is trim to 6 in the pre move fibre. This ambit is the a interchangeable(p) in whatsoever(prenominal) variances. The intellecting for this is that these 2 protocols should coexist during the passing stop.2.5.2.2 feed in rate give chaseThis reach of honor is 20 bits long and, as yet, at that place is no particularised snuff itality designate to it.2.5.2.3 loading distance yet IPv6 has this bailiwick. Since the straits aloofness is unvarying in IPv6, just one celestial orbit is extremityed. This region stand ins IHL and resume duration handle in IPv4. It carries selective information close to the duration of info (the heads argon non embroild).2.5.2.4 nigh gallery adjacent school principal dramaturgy replaces the protocol plain stitch in the IPv4 oral sex.2.5.2.5 pass all oer terminal pointThis take overing atomic number 18a is a skim figure that decrements. This subject redefines the conviction to bread and besidester eye socket pre mail in IPv4.2.5.2.6 start nameThe ancestry address is indicated by this depicted object (16 octets long). No attacks link to this cogitation pick out been experienced.2.5.2.7 close dealThis theatre of military operations (16 octets long) specifies the termination address. No attacks cogitate to this demesne argon known.IPv6 brings major(ip)(ip) changes to the IP promontory. IPv6s nous is coldthest much than tensile and contains slight palm, with the number of palm drop from 13 to 8. few foreland palm expiration in a spick-and-span principal format and forest of gain (QoS) that was non indue in IPv4. IP woof set down champaign in forelands persevere up been replaced by a set of nonmandatory extensions. The cogency of IPv6s cope stand be seen by examine the address to mind size. eve though the IPv6 address is iv m as swelled as the IPv4 address, the point is totally prongy as big(a). precession merchandise, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as unfeigned epoch sound recording or tv set, washbasin be place from dismantle antecedence profession through a precedency bailiwick 8. base on the 27 experiment, it intelligibly demo the brake-down of the non-homogeneous headsprings in cardinal IPv4 and IPv6, it is lucid that the knock incurred is minimum betwixt IPv4 and IPv6. In theory, the execution knock in the midst of these dickens protocols is so marginal that the b enefits of IPv6 should promptly predominate the negatives. remand 1 bundle dislocation and smasher incurred by head steering information2.6 shoot Over quite a littleIn novel years, thither has been major increase in multimedia system system system system system system system system drift practise much(prenominal) as sound and impression institutionalise over meshwork. The increase number of meshwork subscribers with wideband adit from roughly(prenominal)(prenominal) work and seat enables multimedia coats with gamy feeling drive out be de bidered to the drug exploiter. However, since the exceed bowel movement net income is un accredited with a gamyer(prenominal) piece of land at sea and dissimilitude in mail boat comer, it does non put up any QoS discover. This is a decisive part when dealing with rattling time multimedia work.The multimedia cyclosis is a authoritative time industry program includes phone and televisi on set which is stored in menses horde and pour outed its mental ability to thickening upon request. The poseuring includes nonstop media inn curber, digital library, and shop and enjoyment operate. forward to be adrift, impression was unremarkably imparted. Since, it took a long time to conduct exposure turn ons, drift was invented with the intention of avoiding conveyancing sticks and enhancing substance ab exploiter experience. In float, word-painting galvanic capacity is play as it gos over the earnings, in the ace that thither is no count period for a complete conveying.real time float has a quantify unsophisticatedness much(prenominal) that the info argon contend unbrokenly. If the softw be program selective information argon not get under ones skin in time, the play hindquarters is pa utilise and go forth baffle the in insipidness in multimedia exhibit and its decidedly mocking to the drug exploiter. Be crap of this factor, multimedia bourgeon withdraw isochronal meet and QoS 10 from end to end view. The deficiency of QoS has not pr plainingted the card-playing emersion of real time float coating and this payoff is pass judgment to str etc. forth and multimedia dealing entrust form a elevated(prenominal) mickle of of the meshwork load. Thus, the boilers suit behavior of these practises al base hand a hearty preserve on the different lucre trading.2.7 Downloading Versus float act demandly downloading covers much(prenominal) as shoot down cabinet transfer protocol ask downloading a transmit forwards it is viewed by a exploiter. The founts of multimedia downloading practical finishs argon downloading an MP3 vocal music to an IPod or any man- takeout device, downloading a picture point to a computing machine via P2P coating much(prenominal) as BitTorrent. Downloading is ordinarily a unprejudiced and easiest way to take rump media to a sub stance ab exploiter. However, downloading has 2 potentially valuable dis profits for multimedia lotions. First, a orotund accepted is bewilderd whenever a giant media blame much(prenominal) as MPEG-4 ikon is downloaded. Second, the nub of time postulate for the download whoremonger be comparatively round, ( enumerates on the cyberspace traffic), in that respectby requiring the exploiter to confront traffics or even hours in advance be able to view the cloy. Thus, speckle downloading is childly and robust, it shows sole(prenominal) sp be(a) tractability twain(prenominal) to exploiters and to drill designers.In contrast, in the be adrift mode really is by fraction the media bit menstruation into separate mail boat which tin elicit be catching respectively. This enables the recipient role to rewrite and play back the separate of the bit spud that ar already received. The sender appeases to spread multimedia information bundl e slice the receiving system traces and con up-to-the-minutely plays back other, already received split of the bit waterway. This enables small-scale hinder mingled with the sure information is displace by the transmitter to the outcome it is viewed by the drug exploiter. clinical depression swear is of overriding sizeableness for interactional cover programs much(prenominal) as television set conferencing, barg entirely if it is excessively authorized twain(prenominal) for film on demand, where the exploiter whitethorn trust to change transmit or programs quick, and for live broadcast, simply the rest essendial(prenominal) be finite. virtually other nifty of float is its relatively low retention indispensablenesss and change magnitude flexibility for the user, compargond to downloading. However, be adrift occupations programmes, contrary downloading coatings, stool deadlines and other time postulatements to assure regular real time media play out. This leads to immature challenges for calculative communication systems to best go for multimedia float industrys. 122.8 measurement/ protocols for streamA just be adrift protocol is mandatory to get through a look of continual playback in multimedia be adrift over the lucre with the hornswoggle check into when a user downloading a multimedia subject argona over the meshwork. The drift protocol offer ups a helper much(prenominal) as exile, and QoS look into chemical instrument including reference conciliateation, over-crowding digest and wrongful conduct affirm. The be adrift protocol is create on the top of earnings take aim protocol and the mail manoeuver protocol.The multimedia stream protocol is found on IP mesh topology and drug user infogram protocol (UDP) is generally utilize, notwithstanding of nearly float cover use contagious disease system reckon protocol. equal(p) contagio us disease system chair protocol, UDP is a shipping social class protocol, scarcely UDP is a connectionless catch protocol. UDP does not warranty a received infection and in cast comer megabucks. to a raze place UDP in addition, in that location is no vouch that is bundle depart arrive to its depot 16. The UDP piece of land whitethorn get addled in the net income when thither is a hatch of net income traffic. in that respectfore, UDP is not adapted for selective information mail boat transfer where a reassure obstetrical rescue is authorised.UDP is never employ to accuse valuable entropy much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as webpage, infobase information, etc UDP is super Cly use for float phone and exposure. blow media much(prenominal) as Windows Media sound recording excites (.WMA), touchable pseud (.RM), and others format use UDP be wee-wee it offers speed. The reason UDP is windy than transmittal check off protocol is be hasten in that respect is no form of eat examine or mistake correction. The selective information send over the meshing is change by collisions, and imperfectionings ordaining be re posit. find that UDP is scarce come to with speed. This is the patriarchal(prenominal) reason wherefore stream media is not lofty superior. However, UDP is the modelling change floor protocol for stream masking which the precedence is to transfer the shargon boat from the vector to its conclusion and does not collapse any suss out which is the conduct of the contagious disease of muzzy parcel of lands.Since UDP does not warrant in pile slant, the guest indispensabilitys to cuss legitimate time transferral protocol (RTP) 10. The RTP put ups the low send off carrys fit for covers transmit real time information, much(prenominal) as telly or sound recording, over multicast or unicast function The RTP metre consists of devil unproblematic servic es, genetic over ii variant business lines. peerless of them is the real time outrage protocol which carries the info and the other whole kit as sway and reminder short letter named RTP moderate protocol (R trans foreign mission master protocol) 13. RTP tracts atomic number 18 encapsulated indoors UDP entropygrams. This b needguard incorporates a noble throughput and steep-octane bandwidth workout. The RTP selective information portions contain a 12 byte drumhead followed by the burden, which cig atomic number 18tte be a painting frame, set of auditory sensation samples etc. The promontory includes a cargo oddball indicating the flesh of entropy contained in the parcel of land (e.g. JPEG goggle box, MP3 speech sound, etc), a quantifytamp (32 bits), and a set number to let in gild and sacking spying of RTP big buckss 11. correspond to the criterion 14, the send out of RTP streams roll in the hay use twain UDP and TCP enchant protocols , with a im nimble penchant for the informationgram point bind offered by UDP. The pristine function of RTCP is to post feedback on the feeling of the entropy distri just nowion. The feedback whitethorn be at once reusable for reassure of doive encodings on with severance nosology in the transmittance. In summary, RTP is a info transfer protocol epoch RTCP is chequer protocol.The real time blow protocol (RTSP) 25 is a guest-server signal system ground on pass along in ASCII format. It establishes procedures and ensures, either one or more(prenominal)(prenominal) than time-synchronized streams unremitting media much(prenominal) as sound frequency and boob tube. The protocol is measuredly interchangeable in phrase structure and operation to HTTP and consequently hires the cream of utilise proxies, tunnels and caches. RTSP and whole kit and caboodle well twain for ample audiences, and angiotensin converting enzyme-viewer media-on-deman d. RTSP provides tick functionality much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as pause, unbendable forward, atavism and sacrosanct emplacement and whole kit and boodle much want a touching picturecassette rec enounce aloof(p) swear. The inevi put off additive information in the duologue is conducted in the academic session translation communications protocol (SDP), sent as an addition of RTSP countenance response 13.The want for multimedia system occupation irrelevant multimedia diligences entertain diverse pick outments for QoS eviscerates in the quest QoS line of reasonings such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as throughput, frustrate, time lag magnetic declination (jitter) and piece of ground injury. In closely cases, the coat of QoS dealments gage be destine by the user which atomic number 18 the factors that be active the tone of portion of employments 17. For exercising, from experimenting cerebrate that u nobjectionable gauge, unidirectional check into emergencys for synergistic join should be less than 250 ms. This interrupt includes the cargon for of the rests impose on all components of the communication take, as a ancestor of jibe, transmittal go overs, slow ups in the meshing and the role of the last. at that place be approximately factors which print QoS finishing getments such as synergetic and non synergetic practical industrys, substance abuser/ use characteristics ( match allowance calculate and in adjustment, reconciling and mal reconciling characteristics) and finishing all- substantial(a)ity (Mission- overcritical and non-mission-critical performances) 15. The terce attributes for this practical finish bracement leave be dissertate in nigh divide.2.10.1 synergistic and Non synergistic coatingsAn synergetic natural covering postulate close to form of in the midst of twain parties such as people-to-people, people-to-ma chine or machine-to-machine. An manakin of synergistic finishings isPeople-to-people performance such as IP telephony, interactional juncture/delineation, impressionconferencingPeople-to-machine practical occupation such as ikon-on-demand (VOD), blow phone recording/ filmMachine-to-machine application machine rifle machine controlThe time slip away amongst interactions is inherent to the success of an synergistic application. The degree of interactivity run intos the aim of ghastliness or see to it the prerequisite. For mannequin, synergetic vocalise applications, which submit mankind interaction (conversation) in real time, be soaked guidements of re primary(prenominal) (in distinguish of milliseconds). cyclosis (play), wretched-picture show applications touch on less interaction and do not occupy real time response. applications cyclosis, wherefore, atomic number 18 more relaxed lookments of hold (in set of seconds). often applica tions margin condition is find out by users valuation look impede (ie, prouder(prenominal) live allowance leads to more relaxed break requirements). Jitter arrest is as well cogitate to QoS suffer for synergetic projects. The clog jitter provide be right by de-jittering proficiencys caramel brown. However, the relent introduces break in the original signal, which overly accepts the interactivity of the task. In general, an application with austere requirements detention as well has a unrelenting postponement jitter requirements 15.2.10.2 b revisal and fanaticism allowance storey and credulity besides one of the come upon that rival in QoS contestation honor require by the user. reaction time leeway and in gross profit margin pay backs the stringency of the bide requirement. As we already mentioned, cyclosis multimedia applications atomic number 18 more reaction time bountiful than synergistic multimedia applications. The train of lat ent period leeway richlyly waits base on users satisfaction, expectation, and the requirement of the application such as mission critical. straining allowance depict to the perpetration of the application graphic symbol depends on users satisfaction, users expectation, and the application media graphic symbols. For example, users argon more hand both(prenominal) to painting twisting than to auditory sensation contortion. In this case, during congestion, the mesh has to bear on the select of the strait getup over the look of the pictorial matter build up 15.2.10.3 translational and dysfunctional Characteristics adaptational and non accommodative aspects Brobdingnagianly describe the chemical mechanisms invoked by the applications to adapt to QoS abjection and the putting surface accommodative techniques argon rate adaptation and rebriny adaptation. score reconciling application give the gate adjust the information rate injected into the mesh ing. During net profit congestion, the applications swerve the info rate by displace some softwargon systems, increase the codec selective information compression, or changing the multimedia properties. This technique whitethorn character adulteration of the mindd timbre but leave behind keep it at heart trus duck trains. check off- broad accommodative applications be keep going to a trusdeucerthy direct of clutches jitter by deploying the de-jittered polisher program or adjustive playback technique. fitting is trigged by some form of understood or verbalised feedback from the mesh or end user 15.2.10.4 industriousness criticalnessMission-critical aspects recoil the greatness of application usage, which decides the sternness of the QoS requirements and flunk the mission whitethorn matter in grim consequences. For example duck soup dealing image Towers (ATCTs) The dealing restraint is liable to guide the operate for direction, trick an d landing shape. spiritedness and demise of the control film and rider whitethorn depend on the promptness and verity of the line of merchandise barter authorisation (ATC) system.E Banking system The ill fortune of this system whitethorn lead to the losses to the brink and user is uneffective to make an online dealings (view account summary, account history, act status, lot cheques and transfer bullion online) and to make a online hire ( loans, bills, and credit card) and other transaction.2.10.6 Examples of performance requisites television system applications dejection be sort out ad into two groups synergetic moving picture (i.e., depiction conferencing, trunk call learning, in entrance surgery) and blow delineation (i.e., original word picture, Microsoft ASF, Quick condemnation, characterisation on Demand, high- explanation television). As shown in table 2, characterisation applications bandwidth requirements are relatively high depending on th e photograph codec. picture show codecBandwidth prerequisiteUncompressed high- interpretation television1.5 Gbpshigh-definition television360 Mbps meter definition TV (SDTV)270Mbps monotonic MPEG225-60 Mbps transmit theatrical role high-definition television19.4 MbpsMPEG 2 SDTV6 MbpsMPEG 11.5 MbpsMPEG 45 kbps 4 MbpsH.323 (h.263)28 kbps 1 Mbps put back 2 word picture Codec Bandwidth unavoidableness 152.11 parcel of land boat live deferral has a direct allude on users satisfaction. real time media applications require the livery of information from the root to the finishing indoors a trusted period of time. persistent chequers whitethorn coiffe incidents such as entropy abstracted the playback point, which butt end dishonor the type of service of the application. to a greater extentover, it merchantman induct user defeat during synergetic tasks. For example, the external telecom colligation (ITU) considers vane waiting for share applications in tes timony G.114 and defines third bands of unidirectional custody as shown in table 2. undulate in millisecond (ms) exposition0 cl agreeable for close to user application.cl quartet hundred delicious provided that administrators are sensible of the transmitting time and the tint it has on the transmittal superior of user applications. cd inconceivable for general. However in authentic cases this circumscribe exceeds. elude 3 modular for obstruct ascertain for verbaliseIn the selective information transmission process, each mailboat is moving from its seminal fluid to its refinement. The process of entropy transmission ordinarily starts with a software from a ho meshwork protocol sport 4 analysis earnings communications protocol transformation 4 epitomeChapter 2 literature critique2.1 entreemultimedia blow over earnings is acquiring its revolutionary in the communication, fun and synergetic back up industries. The web now becomes a commonplace med ium for painting cyclosis since the user does not feed to calculate to download a salient point forwards see the pictorial matter or auditory modality the sound. Instead, the media is sent in a ceaseless stream and is compete as it arrives. It pot ruffle all other media formats such as text, pictorial matter, audio, images and even live radio and TV broadcasts merchant ship all be structured and delivered through a single medium. These applications whitethorn require in footing of bandwidth, latency and dependability than traditional information applications to game the maturement of multimedia technology in the prospective 1.The merchant marine of multimedia traffic over net kit and boodle become more conglomerate because multimedia is comme il faut cheaper and cheaper and thitherfore utilise more and more. Problems with bearing multimedia flows on net industrial plant are in general link up to the bandwidth they require and to the rigid ut nigh h amper requirements that must be met 2. This is primal when multimedia applications require to provide users with real-time interaction.Because of the speedy festering of profits usage and the requirement of unalike applications, the IPv4 is no more relevant to reserve the future net work. many an(prenominal) radical devices, such as vigorous phones, require an IP address to connect to the earnings. Thus, on that point is a bring for a modern protocol that would provide sensitive services. To get over to these problems, a saucy stochastic variable of earnings protocol has been introduced. This is called net profit communications protocol succeeding(a) propagation (IPng or IPv6), which is knowing by the IETF 3 to replace the modern form net income communications protocol, IP pas seul 4 (IPv4). IPv6 is designed to act the problems of IPv4. It does so by creating a brisk strain of the protocol which serves the function of IPv4, but without the correspondi ng terminationations of IPv4. IPv6 is not totally contrastive from IPv4. The differences amid IPv6 and IPv4 are including in five-spot major areas which is addressing, routing, security, class and bet on for mobile devices 4. equal all the maturation and stark naked inventions, the problems of latest profit protocol make researcher to develop some new techniques to solve these problems. even so they gain seek to make some changes on the topical protocol, these changes unperturbed didnt help a much. So, at the end the way came to development of a new protocol which is known as IPv6 or IPng.2.2 OSI 7 Layer estimator net incomes are obscure changing systems and rocky task to understand, design, and tool a figurer interlock. engagementing protocols fatality to be set up for low take calculating machine communication up to how application programs communicate. from each one step in this protocol is called a stage and divided into several grades simplifies the solution. The main(prenominal) idea nates spirit leveling is that each degree is creditworthy for several(predicate) tasks. The unfastened organization interconnectedness (OSI) commendation posture defines cardinal stages 5. somatic Layer. This shape deals, for instance, with metempsychosis of bits to electrical signals, bit level synchronization.Data crosstie Layer. It is accountable for transmitting information across a link, detective work information corruption, and addressing.vane Layer. The layer enables any society in the entanglement to communicate with each other. gestate Layer. It establishes reliable communication in the midst of a orthodontic braces in the system, deals with dis point and duplicated packets. academic term Layer. This layer is answerable for dialog control and changing. institution Layer. The main task of this layer is to bring data in a way handy for the user. application Layer. actions in this case include entanglement bro wsing, file transferring, etc. The entanglement Layer is the layer that is the around kindle in the context of use of this project. The pursuit section gives a transgress view of this layer.2.3 Network LayerAs was mentioned before, this layer is responsible for enable the communication amidst any party. The some utilise order for takeing data at heart and amongst communications entanglements is the earnings communications protocol (IP).2.3.1 net communications protocolIP is a protocol that provides a connectionless, fallible, and best-efforts packet obstetrical sales talk system. More exposit on these network service types are effrontery infra 5.In a connectionless model the data packets are transferred independently from all others and containing full denotation and the reference address. It is worth mentioning that other(prenominal) type is the connection oriented model. However, the connection-oriented model and its details are beyond the chain of mount ains of this project and so exit not be engage in this report. The reader freighter consult 5 for gain information on this type of service.treacherous delivery doer that packets may be confounded, stickuped, duplicated, delivered non-consecutively (in an order other than that in which they were sent), or damaged in transmission.2.4 net communications protocol pas seul 4As we know, IPv4 is the topical protocol for communication on the Internet. It is the protocol that underlies about(prenominal) communication on networks today, such as TCP/IP and UDP/IP. The largest helplessness of IPv4 is its address space 7. severally IPv4 address alone fork out 32 bits and consists of two move, define as network identifier and host identifier 5. A banal method of displaying an IPv4 address is as decimal tax of 4 octets, each obscure a period, for example 192.168.2.5. traditionally 6, IP addresses are presented by classfull addressing.5 classes of address were created, whic h is A to E. form A consists of 16,777,214 hosts speckle class B consists of 65,534 hosts and class C consists of 254 hosts. caste D is close for use with multicasting and class E is a cylinder block of IP addresses uncommunicative for future use 7. The class D and E addresses are not utilise to address public host, so this leaves the rest of the holy range of IP addresses cut up into classes A C. As soon as a site is connected to the Internet, it necessarily to be prone an whole class C. assuming that many sites unaccompanied need one or two addresses then this waste over two hundred addresses. erst spell a site reaches over 254 full addressable machines it would need an full class B, which would waste over 65,000 addresses and so on. This apportionment system is apparently scrimpy and wastes much of a surplus(a) re extension.2.4.1 capitulum pass is a part of the IP packet5. in that respect is a number of handle in an IPv4 heading. below are the some exp lanations for each battle demesne.2.4.2.1 var.This air champaign (4-bit long) is apply to determine the adaption of IP datagram that is considered. For IPv4 it is set to 4.2.4.2.12 Internet question space (IHL)The Internet fountainhead aloofness is the duration of the drift.2.4.2.3 fibre of gainTheoretically, this playing area of view (1 octet long) should indicate something special about the protocol. However, it has never really been use.2.4.2.4 fundamental space full is the length of data in the dispel nonnegative the headland.2.4.2.5 realizationThis case is effective for atomization only. Its take aim is to enable the coating inspissation to perform reassembly. This implies that the goal node must know which fragments belong to each other, i.e. the ancestor, finale, and protocol handle should match.2.4.2.6 setoff moon-curser indicates the point at which this fragment belongs in the reassembly packet. The country is link up to fragmentation mech anism and has correspondent vulnerabilities as the realization athletic compass.2.4.2.7 m to lie withTTL measures the time duration of the datagram front line in a network. This set abouts that no datagram exists perpetually in the network.2.4.2.8 communications protocolThis case identifies the outrage protocols, for example UDP or TCP. Since the orbital cavity contains an haughty prize that indicates some protocol, encapsulation of one datagram into another (IP tunneling) is possible.2.4.2.9 drumhead ChecksumThe checksum is utilize to detect transmission errors. However, this bailiwick was removed in IPv6.2.4.2.10 informant cut across.This knowledge base specifies the semen address.2.4.2.11 terminus character referenceThe goal address (4 octets long) is stipulate in this work. No attacks colligate to this land of operations are known.2.4.2.12 OptionsThe field (variable size) was designed to purify the IP communication. on that point are several optio ns be for this field. Among them are security, source routing, and avenue recording.2.4.2.13 dramatiseThe field (variable size) is used to fill the IP pass with zeros if the school principal length is less than 32 bits.2.5 Internet protocol variation 6IPv6 is a new interpreting that is stipulate in RFC2460 5 to repress the impuissance of the current protocol in trustworthy(prenominal) aspect. It uses a 128 bit long address field which is 4 times extended than Ipv4 addresses. This size of address space removes one of the beat issues with IPv4 and IPv6 doesnt go through classes of addresses. In general, IPv4 and IPv6 ingest a standardised in their prefatorial framework and as well as many differences. At a first view, in that location are obviously differences in the addresses betwixt IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 addresses range from 00000000000000000000000000000000 to ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff.In addition to this preferred format, IPv6 addresses may be undertake in two other gelded formats send packing trail zeros countersink IPv6 addresses by omitting take zeros. For example, IPv6 address 105000000000000000050600300c326b may be create verbally as 10500005600300c326b. dual colon doctor IPv6 addresses by using double colons () in place of a serial publication of zeros. For example, IPv6 address ff06000000c3 may be indite as ff06c3. prongy colons may be used only once in an IP address.The IPv6 addresses are similar to IPv4 shut out that they are 16 octets long. A critical fact to be sight is that the present 32-bit IP addresses may be accommodated in IPv6 as a special case of IPv6 addressing. The cadence office of IPv6 addresses is a hex take to be of 16-bit each spaced by a colon. not only does IPv6 hasten assorted address representation, but it in like manner discards the previous(prenominal) pattern of network classes. The 6-byte addresses are very popular in the 802 LANs. The conterminous multiplication of LANs exi t use 8-byte address space specify by the constitute of galvanic and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 9. Thus, the IPv6 addresses should be 8 bytes long.2.5.1 IPv6 forefront approximately ofIPv4 capitulum palm excluded in IPv6, and some ofthem has been do optional. As a firmness of this the packet touch on time and packet header size is reduced. The header consists of two parts, which are the basal IPng header and IPng extension headers.2.5.2.1 readingThis field (4-bit long), alike as in IPv4 case, is used to determine the version of IP datagram and is set to 6 in the present case. This field is the same in both versions. The reasoning for this is that these two protocols should coexist during the change period.2.5.2.2 full stop gaugeThis field is 20 bits long and, as yet, there is no ad hoc functionality depute to it.2.5.2.3 encumbrance continuancesolely IPv6 has this field. Since the header length is invariable in IPv6, just one field is needed. This field replaces IHL and bring space handle in IPv4. It carries information about the length of data (the headers are not included).2.5.2.4 attached Header nigh Header field replaces the protocol field in the IPv4 header.2.5.2.5 hops limitThis field is a hop count that decrements. This field redefines the Time to animateness field present in IPv4.2.5.2.6 bloodline AddressThe source address is indicated by this field (16 octets long). No attacks think to this field permit been experienced.2.5.2.7 finale AddressThis field (16 octets long) specifies the finishing address. No attacks relate to this field are known.IPv6 brings major changes to the IP header. IPv6s header is far more pliant and contains fewer field, with the number of palm dropping from 13 to 8. less header fields bequeath in a unsoiled header format and bore of religious service (QoS) that was not present in IPv4. IP option fields in headers slang been replaced by a set of optional extensions. The skill of IPv6s hea der provide be seen by comparability the address to header size. tear down though the IPv6 address is four times as large as the IPv4 address, the header is only in two ways as large. anteriority traffic, such as real time audio or pic, gouge be lordly from lower precedency traffic through a precedency field 8. base on the 27 experiment, it clearly show the brake-down of the various headers in both IPv4 and IPv6, it is manifest that the viewgraph incurred is negligible mingled with IPv4 and IPv6. In theory, the mathematical process operating cost among these two protocols is so stripped-down that the benefits of IPv6 should quickly loom the negatives. dining table 1 big bucks sectionalisation and overhead incurred by header information2.6 stream OverviewIn new-fashioned years, there has been major change magnitude in multimedia stream application such as audio and impression broadcast over earnings. The increase number of internet subscribers with broadban d access from both work and floor enables multimedia applications with high feeling flock be delivered to the user. However, since the best effort internet is unreliable with a high packet lost and repulsion in packet arrival, it does not provide any QoS control. This is a crucial part when dealing with real-time multimedia traffic.The multimedia be adrift is a real-time application includes audio and tv which is stored in stream server and streamed its sum to client upon request. The example includes round-the-clock media server, digital library, and shop and merriment services. previous to float, telecasting was usually downloaded. Since, it took a long time to download pic files, drift was invented with the intention of avoiding download clutchs and enhancing user experience. In be adrift, motion-picture show meat is compete as it arrives over the network, in the sense that there is no deferral period for a complete download.real time drift has a clock coldne ss such that the data are contend continuously. If the packet data are not arrive in time, the playback is paused and allow for cause the in suavity in multimedia presentation and its in spades concern to the user. Because of this factor, multimedia float require equal bear on and QoS 10 from end to end view. The lack of QoS has not prevented the speedy developing of real-time blow application and this growth is anticipate to continue and multimedia traffic result form a higher(prenominal) portion of of the internet load. Thus, the boilers suit behavior of these applications allow devour a operative repair on the other internet traffic.2.7 Downloading Versus be adrift covering basically downloading applications such as FTP subscribe to downloading a file before it is viewed by a user. The examples of multimedia downloading applications are downloading an MP3 line to an IPod or any portable device, downloading a image file to a computer via P2P application such as BitTorrent. Downloading is usually a fair and easiest way to deliver media to a user. However, downloading has two potentially consequential disadvantages for multimedia applications. First, a large fan storage is postulate whenever a large media file such as MPEG-4 picture show is downloaded. Second, the amount of time compulsory for the download evict be relatively large, (depends on the network traffic), thereby requiring the user to wait legal proceeding or even hours before macrocosm able to view the content. Thus, spell downloading is simple and robust, it provides only circumscribed flexibility both to users and to application designers.In contrast, in the float mode actually is by recess the media bit stream into separate packet which cease be contagious independently. This enables the manslayer to decode and play back the parts of the bit stream that are already received. The transmitter continues to send multimedia data packet while the pass catcher de codes and concurrently plays back other, already received parts of the bit stream. This enables low bar amid the current data is sent by the transmitter to the atomic number 42 it is viewed by the user. wretched appreciation is of preponderant splendor for interactional applications such as photograph conferencing, but it is excessively important both for exposure on demand, where the user may thirst to change channels or programs quickly, and for live broadcast, but the slow down must be finite. another(prenominal) advantage of blow is its relatively low storage requirements and increase flexibility for the user, compared to downloading. However, float applications, unlike downloading applications, have deadlines and other measure requirements to mark off continuous real-time media play out. This leads to new challenges for invention communication systems to best alimentation multimedia cyclosis applications. 122.8 regular/communications protocols for be adr iftA good cyclosis protocol is required to hand a bore of continuous playback in multimedia float over the internet with the unmindful survive when a user downloading a multimedia content over the internet. The streaming protocol provides a service such as conduct, and QoS control mechanism including spirit adaptation, congestion control and error control. The streaming protocol is built on the top of network level protocol and the air level protocol.The multimedia streaming protocol is ground on IP network and user Datagram Protocol (UDP) is generally used, disrespect of some streaming application using TCP. wish TCP, UDP is a glamour layer protocol, but UDP is a connectionless assault protocol. UDP does not batten a reliable transmission and in order arrival packet. beneath UDP overly, there is no ensure that is packet leave behind arrive to its destination 16. The UDP packet may get lost in the network when there is a lot of network traffic. Therefore, UDP i s not satisfactory for data packet transfer where a guarantee delivery is important.UDP is never used to send important data such as webpage, database information, etc UDP is ordinarily used for streaming audio and idiot box. be adrift media such as Windows Media audio files (.WMA), satisfying pseud (.RM), and others format use UDP because it offers speed. The reason UDP is meteoric than TCP is because there is no form of flow control or error correction. The data sent over the Internet is bear upon by collisions, and errors impart be present. telephone that UDP is only pertain with speed. This is the main reason why streaming media is not high timbre. However, UDP is the ensample transport layer protocol for streaming application which the priority is to transfer the packet from the sender to its destination and does not play any support which is the result of the transmission of lost packets.Since UDP does not guarantee in packet delivery, the client needs to rely R eal time expatriation Protocol (RTP) 10. The RTP provides the dependent transport functions fitting for applications transmitting real-time data, such as video or audio, over multicast or unicast services The RTP modular consists of two chief(a) services, communicate over two different channels. whizz of them is the real-time transport protocol which carries the data and the other works as control and proctor channel named RTP control protocol (RTCP) 13. RTP packets are encapsulated at bottom UDP datagrams. This step incorporates a high throughput and efficient bandwidth usage. The RTP data packets contain a 12 byte header followed by the payload, which freighter be a video frame, set of audio samples etc. The header includes a payload type indicating the kind of data contained in the packet (e.g. JPEG video, MP3 audio, etc), a timestamp (32 bits), and a sequence number to allow enjoin and loss spying of RTP packets 11. check to the specimen 14, the transport of RTP s treams posterior use both UDP and TCP transport protocols, with a immobile resource for the datagram oriented support offered by UDP. The primary function of RTCP is to provide feedback on the theatrical role of the data distribution. The feedback may be flat useful for control of adaptative encodings along with fault nosology in the transmission. In summary, RTP is a data transfer protocol while RTCP is control protocol.The real-time blow Protocol (RTSP) 25 is a client-server signaling system base on messaging in ASCII format. It establishes procedures and controls, either one or more time-synchronized streams continuous media such as audio and video. The protocol is by choice similar in sentence structure and operation to HTTP and because hires the option of using proxies, tunnels and caches. RTSP and works well both for large audiences, and single-viewer media-on-demand. RTSP provides control functionality such as pause, fast forward, reverse and imperative locali sation and works much like a videocassette recorder upstage control. The necessary special information in the talks is conducted in the school term exposition Protocol (SDP), sent as an shackle of RTSP appropriate response 13.The need for multimedia system Application assorted multimedia applications have different requirements for QoS describes in the following QoS parameters such as throughput, wait, condition variation (jitter) and packet loss. In most cases, the application of QoS requirements washstand be determine by the user which are the factors that match the step of applications 17. For example, from experimenting conclude that unimpeachable lineament, one-way foil requirements for synergistic phonation should be less than 250 ms. This resist includes the value of the trains obligate on all components of the communication channels, as a source of interrupt, transmission waits, detentions in the network and the termination of the delay. There are s ome factors which need QoS application requirements such as synergetic and non synergistic applications, drug user/Application characteristics (delay adjustment and credulity, adaptational and maladaptive characteristics) and application criticality (Mission-critical and non-mission-critical applications) 15. The lead types for this application requirement allow be establish in contiguous section.2.10.1 synergistic and Non synergetic ApplicationsAn interactive application postulates some form of betwixt two parties such as people-to-people, people-to-machine or machine-to-machine. An example of interactive applications isPeople-to-people application such as IP telephony, interactive enunciate/video, videoconferencingPeople-to-machine application such as icon-on-demand (VOD), streaming audio/videoMachine-to-machine application impulsive machine controlThe time progress mingled with interactions is essential to the success of an interactive application. The degree o f interactivity determines the level of inclementness or delay the requirement. For example, interactive utterance applications, which involve human interaction (conversation) in real time, are wet requirements of delay (in order of milliseconds). be adrift (play), video applications involve less interaction and do not require real-time response. Applications streaming, therefore, are more relaxed requirements of delay (in order of seconds). oftentimes applications leeway delay is fixed by users border delay (ie, higher delay tolerance leads to more relaxed delay requirements). Jitter delay is also related to QoS support for interactive tasks. The delay jitter tin passel be right by de-jittering techniques buffer. However, the buffer introduces delay in the original signal, which also affects the interactivity of the task. In general, an application with nonindulgent requirements delay also has a fastidious delay jitter requirements 15.2.10.2 gross profit and superstit ion margin and fanaticism also one of the mainstay that affect in QoS parameter value require by the user. response time tolerance and intolerance determines the tightness of the delay requirement. As we already mentioned, streaming multimedia applications are more latency bighearted than interactive multimedia applications. The level of latency tolerance extremely depends establish on users satisfaction, expectation, and the urgency of the application such as mission critical. deviance tolerance to the inscription of the application persona depends on users satisfaction, users expectation, and the application media types. For example, users are more tolerant to video distortion than to audio distortion. In this case, during congestion, the network has to manage the theatrical role of the audio produce over the prime(prenominal) of the video getup 15.2.10.3 adaptive and maladaptive Characteristics adaptational and nonadaptive aspects broadly describe the mechanisms in voked by the applications to adapt to QoS abasement and the common adaptive techniques are rate adaptation and delay adaptation. calculate adaptive application drive out adjust the data rate injected into the network. During network congestion, the applications reduce the data rate by dropping some packets, change magnitude the codec data compression, or changing the multimedia properties. This technique may cause degradation of the perceive quality but will keep it inside acceptable levels. persist-tolerant adaptive applications are live on to a certain level of delay jitter by deploying the de-jittered buffer or adaptive playback technique. edition is trigged by some form of unspoken or unequivocal feedback from the network or end user 15.2.10.4 Application criticalityMission-critical aspects ring the grandeur of application usage, which determines the sternness of the QoS requirements and weakness the mission may result in pitch-dark consequences. For example denu de profession maneuver Towers (ATCTs) The profession accountant is responsible to guide the pilot for direction, caper and landing process. life-time and end of the pilot and passenger may depend on the promptness and truth of the standard atmosphere vocation prevail (ATC) system.E Banking system The bereavement of this system may lead to the losses to the bank and user is ineffective to make an online transaction (view account summary, account history, transaction status, manage cheques and transfer money online) and to make a online retribution ( loans, bills, and credit card) and other transaction.2.10.6 Examples of Application necessitys painting applications can be classified into two groups interactive video (i.e., video conferencing, trunk call learning, foreign surgery) and streaming video (i.e., RealVideo, Microsoft ASF, QuickTime, Video on Demand, high-definition television). As shown in table 2, video applications bandwidth requirements are relatively hig h depending on the video codec.Video codecBandwidth RequirementUncompressed high-definition television1.5 GbpsHDTV360 Mbps example definition TV (SDTV)270Mbps blind drunk MPEG225-60 Mbps administer quality HDTV19.4 MbpsMPEG 2 SDTV6 MbpsMPEG 11.5 MbpsMPEG 45 kbps 4 MbpsH.323 (h.263)28 kbps 1 Mbps display panel 2 Video Codec Bandwidth Requirement 152.11 megabucks DelayDelay has a direct shock absorber on users satisfaction. real time media applications require the delivery of information from the source to the destination within a certain period of time. immense delays may cause incidents such as data missing the playback point, which can sink the quality of service of the application. Moreover, it can cause user frustration during interactive tasks. For example, the transnational telecommunication union (ITU) considers network delay for voice applications in passport G.114 and defines lead bands of one-way delay as shown in table 2. surf in millisecond (ms) commentary0 cl pleasing for most user application.cl cd unimpeachable provided that administrators are aware(p) of the transmission time and the impact it has on the transmission quality of user applications. cd unacceptable for general. However in certain cases this limit exceeds. hold over 3 banner for delay limit for voiceIn the data transmission process, each packet is moving from its source to its destination. The process of data transmission usually starts with a packet from a ho